VFR flying: minima, visibility, cloud clearance and special VFR
What VFR flying means: VMC minima tables, cloud clearance, speeds, heights and special VFR, with practical examples and the provisions specific to Italy.
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VFR flight guides
Weather, planning, the Pilot Logbook and performance explained clearly, with examples and tools you can try directly.
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Density altitude: what it is and how to calculate it before a VFR flight
Density altitude explains why, on hot days or with low pressure, an aircraft may perform as if it were at a higher elevation.
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Crosswind: how to calculate the crosswind component
Runway direction, wind direction and wind speed are used to estimate crosswind, headwind and tailwind components.
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VFR flight plan in Italy: data to prepare before filing
A practical checklist of the data to verify when preparing a VFR flight plan and navigation, always using current official sources.
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How to Read METARs and TAFs
A structured method for identifying the station, time, wind, visibility, weather, clouds, temperature, QNH and change groups.
Read the guideClouds in METARs: Coverage, Base and Ceiling
Learn to distinguish FEW, SCT, BKN, OVC and VV, convert cloud groups into feet above the aerodrome and identify CB, TCU, NSC and NCD without confusing cloud cover with ceiling.
Read the guideTAF: FM, BECMG, TEMPO and PROB on the Timeline
Turn a TAF into a timeline and distinguish new prevailing conditions, gradual changes, temporary fluctuations and probability groups.
Read the guideQNH, Altitude and Flight Level
Use QNH and standard pressure correctly, distinguish transition altitude from transition level and cross-check the altimeter before departure.
Read the guideVFR Fuel Planning and Final Reserve
Build the fuel required for a non-commercial flight, protect the final reserve and distinguish trip, alternate, contingency and extra fuel.
Read the guideHow to Read a NOTAM Without Missing Important Information
Identify new, replacement and cancellation NOTAMs, read fields Q, A, B, C, D, E, F and G and connect location, time and limits.
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Weight, Moment, Centre of Gravity and Envelope
Use data for the individual aircraft registration, add masses and moments and verify the centre of gravity at take-off and landing without relying on generic constants.
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